I S K O
edited by Birger Hjørland and Claudio Gnoli

 

Ingetraut Dahlberg

by H. Peter Ohly

Table of contents:
1. Vita: 1.1 Studies and career (1948-61); 1.2 Documentary orientation (1962-65); 1.3 Work in association and commissioned work (1966-83); 1.4 Doctorate work (1973); 1.5 Teaching and research; 1.6 Publishing activity / Founding of associations; 1.7 Publications; 1.8 Honorings
2. The field of knowledge organization
3. The analytic, object-related conceptual theory
4. Clarification of the term classification
5. The Information Coding Classification (ICC)
6. The principles of the ICC
7. On 'conceptual culture' in the social sciences
8. Desiderata for knowledge organization
9. Conclusion
Endnotes
Bibliography of Dahlberg's works
Secondary sources and references
Colophon

Abstract:
Dr. Ingetraut Dahlberg has essentially introduced and shaped the term knowledge organization. She has also been the main engine in the founding of the scientific associations Society for Classification and International Society for Knowledge Organization as well as the journals International Classification and Knowledge Organization. In 2017, Ingetraut Dahlberg died at the age of 90 years. Some life data and scientific contributions are presented here.

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1. Vita

Dr. Ingetraut Dahlberg was born on February 20, 1927 in Cologne as Ingetraut Gessel. She died on October 24, 2017 in Bad König, Odenwald. The father Theodor Gessel came from Wesel, Lower Rhine and had studied economics in Cologne. The mother Luzie, née Sauvageot was from Cologne. The family moved to Frankfurt where Ingetraut Gessel grew up with her brother and sister. 1955-1956 she was married to Reinhard Dahlberg, the later protagonist of the hydrogen transformation. Her son Wolfgang Dahlberg was born in 1955. He was the author of many books, such as Ordnung, Sein und Bewußtsein (Order, being, and consciousness) in 1984, and died in 2012.

Figure 1: Ingetraut Dahlberg, 19th May 2014 in Krakow
at the 13th international ISKO conference (photo by H. Peter Ohly)

 

1.1 Studies and career (1948-61)

Ingetraut Gessel studied philosophy, catholic theology and English and occasionally Biology in Frankfurt and Würzburg. In 1948/49 she spent one academic year in the United States at Mary Manse College in Toledo, Ohio. In 1959 Ingetraut Dahlberg came to the Gmelin Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Frankfurt, whose director Erich Pietsch was president of the German Association for Documentation (DGD) at that time. Here she edited bibliographies for the Atomic Energy Documentation (AED). In 1961 she joined the Rationalisierungs-Kuratorium der Deutschen Wirtschaft (RKW, Rationalization Curatorship of the German Business).

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1.2 Documentary orientation (1962-65)

Ingetraut Dahlberg began with a training as a scientific documentalist in 1962 and worked in 1963 at the German Association for Documentation on the recording of library stocks and a documentation of literature on documentation including thesaurus creation. Later she became head of the Library and Documentation Center of DGD. From 1964 to 1965 she was a resident of the Groth Institute for Crystallographic Data Documentation and the University Library of Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton. Here she collaborated with Jean Perreault (known for his term relations, cf. Perreault 1994).

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1.3 Work in association and commissioned work (1966-83)

With Martin Scheele (chair) she (secretariat) founded in 1966 the DGD committee Thesaurus Research and Classification. Later, this committee resulted in the publication of Dagobert Soergel's Indexing Languages and Thesauri: Construction and Maintenance (Dahlberg 1975). Furthermore, a descriptor system for information science was created here. From 1967 to 1969, Ingetraut Dahlberg was chair of the FID Revision Committee for the Universal Decimal Classification UDC -03/04 (Common Auxiliaries of Materials and Common Auxiliaries of Relations, Processes and Operations). This resulted in a classification of the document types and their special aspects as well as a proposal for the revision of the UDC. From 1967 to 1974, Ingetraut Dahlberg led in the DIN Standards Committee Terminology the revision of DIN 2330 Concepts and terms - General principles, of DIN 2331 Systems of Concepts and their Presentation, and of DIN 32705 Classification Systems; Establishment and Development of Classification Systems. At the International Organization for Standardization she worked on ISO/TC 37 Terminology and other Languages and Content Resources and ISO/TC 46 Information and Documentation. In 1970, she was a member of the Working Group on Indexing and Classification in the framework of UNISIST (UNESCO Intergovernmental Program for Co-operation in the Field of Scientific and Technical Information = World Science Information System, chaired by Douglas John Foskett) and in 1971 on the advisory board Database System for the Federal Republic of Germany of the Ministry of the Interior of the Federal Government. In 1972-1973 Ingetraut Dahlberg had a DGD project assignment for the collection of the names of fields of knowledge. From 1972-1974 she worked in the Subject-Field Reference Code Panel of FID/CR on the creation of the UNISIST Broad System of Ordering (BSO). From 1978-1979 she investigated the thesaurus abilities of keywords in the pilot study DB-Thesaurus. From 1979, she also served on the Committee on Conceptual and Terminological Analysis (COCTA) (founded by Fred W. Riggs and Giovanni Sartori) of the International Political Science Association (IPSA) and the International Sociological Association (ISA). In 1981 she conducted a COCTA conference in Bielefeld. From 1981-1987 she chaired the FID Committee on Classification Research (FID / CR). In 1983, she published the expert documentation Who Is Who in Classification and Indexing.

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1.4 Doctorate (1973)

In 1973 she received her doctorate from Alwin Diemer, Düsseldorf in the field of Philosophy with the minor subjects General Linguistics and History of Science. Her dissertation Das universale Klassifikationssystem des Wissens, seine ontologischen, wissenschaftstheoretischen und informationstheoretischen Grundlagen (The universal classification system of knowledge, its ontological, epistemological and information-theoretical foundations) was published in 1974 as Grundlagen universaler Wissensordnung (A foundation of universal knowledge order) by the publishing house Verlag Dokumentation (today: De Gruyter) (Dahlberg 1974). Here she examines various universal classification concepts (including DDC, UDC, LCC, → Colon Classification) and problems of universal classification systems and makes suggestions for a new universal classification system.

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1.5 Teaching and research

1976-1979 she carried out the German Research Foundation (DFG) project Logstruktur at the University of Mainz, in which substantive, term independent relationships between knowledge areas were investigated. In 1977 she developed from the findings of her dissertation the Information Coding Classification (ICC), a faceted universal classification system of knowledge fields with approximately 6,500 concepts. This was followed by executive workshops at the Documentation Research and Training Center (DRTC) in Bangalore. She had professorial representations 1984/85 at the University of Saarbrücken, 1985-1987 at the University of Applied Science, Hannover and 1988/89 at the University of Applied Science, Darmstadt.

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1.6 Publishing activity / Founding of associations

With Alwin Diemer, Jean M. Perreault, Arashanipalai Neelameghan and Eugen Wuester she founded in 1974 the journal International Classification, IC (1993 renamed Knowledge Organization, KO). In issue 1974-1 appeared her contribution "Zur Theorie des Begriffs" (Towards a theory of the concept), in which concept formation, conceptual systems and conceptual types are discussed. In 1979 she founded with her son Wolfgang the company INDEKS for the creation of registers and classification systems which eventually became the INDEKS publishing house.

Ingetraut Dahlberg founded in 1977 with Robert Fugmann, Martin Scheele, Hans-Hermann Bock and others the German Gesellschaft für Klassifikation (Society for Classification; first abbreviated as GFK, starting from 1979 as GfKl). It had its first conference in Münster in 1977. In 1989 when in the GfKl numerical taxonomy and data analysis became dominant, she founded with Robert Fugmann, Padmini Raj, Rudolf Ungvary and others, the International Society for Knowledge Organization (ISKO) with more conceptual orientation. This association had its first meeting in 1990 in Darmstadt. Its communication media was the journal International Classification, resp. its successor journal Knowledge Organization.

Around 1997 major changes took place, not least because of a cancer diagnosis. The INDEKS publishing house went over to the Ergon publishing house. She handed over the editor-in-chief of the Knowledge Organization journal (first successor 1997-1998: Charles Gilreath, The Texas A&M University System). New president of ISKO 1996-1998 became Hanne Albrechtsen, Royal School of Librarianship, Copenhagen. Dahlberg's extensive library for classification, terminology and information science went to the Maastricht McLuhan Institute (MMI), European Center for Digital Culture, Knowledge Organization and Learning Technology (director: Kim Veltman), but had to be taken back later and is now residing by Ernesto De Luca, chief of DIFI, Georg Eckert Institute - Leibniz-Institut für internationale Schulbuchforschung, Braunschweig.

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1.7 Publications

Ingetraut Dahlberg has released a variety of publications, so at the end of November 2017 in Google 13,300 are listed in connotation with her name. The article in Wikipedia about her mentions more than 300 publications, and an ASIS Persons Documentation of 2014 lists 337 references (ASIS&T 2014). In addition to the interviews with her, 2008 in Knowledge Organization 35 ("Feature: Interview with Ingetraut Dahlberg", No. 2-3, p. 82-85), 2012 for ASIS&T (Romen 2012), 2015 with Claudio Gnoli ("A place for each toy", AIDA informazioni, p. 207-211) the following lectures or publications have to be emphasized for the last years:

  • Talk at German ISKO conference 2009: "Desiderate für die Wissensorganisation" (Dahlberg 2013) / "How to improve ISKO’s standing: ten desiderata for knowledge organization" (Dahlberg 2011)
  • Talk at German ISKO conference 2013: "Was ist Wissensorganisation?" (Dahlberg 2017a) / "Brief communication: What is knowledge organization" (Dahlberg 2014a)
  • Book 2014: Wissensorganisation: Entwicklung, Aufgabe, Anwendung, Zukunft (Dahlberg 2014b)
  • Talks at workshops 2016: 88. Ernst-Schröder-Seminar, Darmstadt 2015, and Dagstuhl Workshop Book Project Corporate Semantic Web, Wadern 2016: "Warum Universalklassifikation?" (Why universal classification?) (Dahlberg 2017b)
  • Article in the journal Information - Wissenschaft & Praxis 2016: "Dokumentenkunde - Dokumentologie: damals – und heute?" (Documentary science - documentology: then - and today?) (Dahlberg 2016)

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1.8 Honorings

Together with S. D. Boon, Eindhoven, Ingetraut Dahlberg was awarded the prize of the International Association of Documentalists and Information Officers, Paris (A.I.D.) in 1965. In 1996, she received the International Ranganathan Award for fundamental work in classification research. In the German ISKO and then in the international ISKO she became an honorary member around 2000. In 2006 she was awarded the Eugen Wüster Special Prize of the International Information Center for Terminology, Vienna (Infoterm).

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2. The field of knowledge organization

Following Bliss's "organization of knowledge", Dahlberg and the other co-founders of the ISKO created the term knowledge organization, which was quickly adopted by the scientific community for an area that was formerly called theory of ordering/Ordnungslehre or classification. According to Dahlberg, → knowledge organization is the science of the structuring and systematic arrangement of knowledge units (concepts) according to their inherent knowledge elements (characteristics) and the application of the so ordered concepts and classes of concepts for the description of worth knowing contents of objects of any kind (see Dahlberg 2006).

Specifically, Dahlberg (1998) understands the organization of knowledge as a subject area that deals with the order of (a) knowledge units (terms) and (b) objects of all kinds (minerals, plants, animals, documents, pictures, museum objects, etc.) are concerned, which are related to corresponding terms or conceptual classes, in order to hold the knowledge about the world of the known and to pass it on for usage.

According to her, knowledge organization comprises the following nine subareas (1998, see 2017, or the English version 2014a):

  1. the epistemological, mathematical, system-theoretical, cognitive-science oriented and science-theoretical presuppositions of the order of concepts as well as their historical background,
  2. the knowledge of the elements and structures of conceptual systems,
  3. the methodology of intellectual creation, maintenance and revision of these systems and their computerization, including questions of the paradigmatic and syntagmatic relation of their elements and units, as well as the compatibilization and evaluation of these systems,
  4. the methodology of intellectual and machine-oriented application of these systems by classification and indexing,
  5. the knowledge of the existing universal and
  6. special taxonomies and classification systems as well as the documentation languages (thesauri),
  7. the questions arising from the influencing areas, linguistics (~ mathematical linguistics) and terminology, including the problems of retrieval, especially in online access,
  8. the applications of content indexing of all types of documents and in all subject areas,
  9. the whole environment of the organization of knowledge in the workplace, in individual centers, societies, countries and internationally, as well as the questions of education, economics, users, etc.

Later, Dahlberg noted in a discussion list (Wiss-Org 2006): "The concept of ‚organization‘ however, in its acception in German has a wider range than just ‚order‘, namely ‚planned construction‘, ‚structure‘, ‚forming‘ (Wahrig 1975), although this does not apply to some other languages where ‚organization‘ is only used for collectivities like associations or unions, so that in such cases‚ ‚organization‘ can only be related to people, not to objects." It should be noted that this was also misunderstood as 'knowledge in organizations', which is more akin to knowledge management and less intended by Dahlberg.

Dahlberg did not consider → library cataloguing as a part of KO, indeed she did not include it in her classification scheme for KO. It was not represented in the bibliography of literature of classification (later knowledge organization) when she was the compiler (starting from International Classification vol. 1, 1974: 49-58). In the system used at the time, class 94 was labeled "free". The next compiler of the bibliography, Gerhard Riesthuis, used, after some years, this class 94 (with subdivisions) for cataloging literature starting from Knowledge Organization vol. 26, 1999, no. 2: 110-126. Since then cataloging literature has been included in this bibliography of Knowledge Organization Literature. Also the definition of knowledge organization used in this Encyclopedia includes cataloging: "KO is about describing, representing, filing and organizing documents and document representations as well as subjects and concepts both by humans and by computer programs" (see: https://www.isko.org/cyclo/knowledge_organization#1).

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3. The analytic, object-related conceptual theory

With reference to Frege (1969; Dahlberg 2014b, 36), Dahlberg attributed the extraction of knowledge units to a conceptual theory (German: Begriffe) (Dahlberg 1974a; 1979; 1987; 2009). According to her, concepts are the essential elements of any order of knowledge from which the classes are formed. In contrast, the linguistic aspect prevents the analytic aspect of concept formation and conceptual knowledge (e.g., in Dahlberg 2017a, 13): "A concept is a unit of knowledge that is made by making substantial and verifiable statements about a reference object that summarize them in a short and descriptive denomination (name or code) for the purpose of communicability" (Dahlberg 2014b, 37ff).

Since the feature set of a concept is obtained in an analyzing way by means of individual predications about a reference object, she therefore also speaks of an "object-related, analytic concept theory". Denominations (name or → notational code) should take into account the essential features obtained in order to convey by the usage of the concept mnemonic and clarity, but which should also be as short and memorable as possible in order to be accepted in the linguistic process. The relation between meant object, the characteristics and the designations can be seen as a conceptual triangle. The determination of the necessary characteristics, which are called by her knowledge elements, together form the knowledge unit, which is a concept-constituting process with the possible consequence that concepts with the same or similar characteristics are led conjoined into a class (concept construction). A classification system based on these principles is then a definition system that explains itself.

The concept reconstruction is based on the language usage, from which can be read off then, what may have been the reference object of the naming and which are the characteristics of this reference object, which may reveal polysemous terms. Relations between concepts are identifiable and representable if based on the characteristics of the concepts. Dahlberg formally differentiates between logical (e.g., inclusion), form-categorical (e.g., facets), and material or substantive main types of conceptual relationships. The latter are formed by the abstraction relation, partition relation, and whole-part relation, which form a hierarchy. The functional, grammatical or syntax relation appears in the breakdown of a subject area. The complementary relation finds application in the juxtaposition of objects and/or their properties (here she refers to Diemer 1969).

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4. Clarification of the term classification

Since the term → classification occurs colloquially and is a technical polysemous, Dahlberg clarifies the various meanings by more concise terms (Dahlberg 2014b, 58):

Classification: a classification system

Classify (Klassifizieren): forming classes of concepts according to common features (often confused with classing in colloquial language)

Classificat: the total of classes as a result of classifying

Classing (Klassieren): assigning classes to objects

Classat: the product of the assignment of classes to objects and topics

Classification science (or knowledge organization): the teaching on the classification systems, their theory and history, their practice in the formation of classification systems, ie the formation of classes but also the application in the assignment of classes to objects.

Class: the set of (class) elements summarized by a common (classificatory) characteristic, called classem.

Classem: the common characteristic that merges class elements into a class.

Class elements: notions/concepts [here Dahlberg uses Begriffe as well in the German version] for objects or abstracta, not the ideas, objects, topics themselves.

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5. The Information Coding Classification (ICC)

In 1982, Dahlberg described the Information Coding Classification (ICC) developed among others in the DGD project "Ordnungssystem der Wissensgebiete" (Order System of Knowledge Areas) and the DFG project "Logstrukt" in International Classification with a three-level hierarchy (Dahlberg 1982). This classification should have the merits of universality, faceting, and top-down approach. It was later also applied to the International Classification and Indexing Bibliography (ICIB), where the full 3-digit schedules are reproduced, and the bibliography in the KO journal. In its main classes, it does not start from disciplines, but from nine ontic stages of development, the layers of being. It subdivides these roughly and in the other hierarchical levels also finely into nine categories, which also allows decimal coding. The locations for the knowledge areas have been determined by an element position plan (Elementstellenplan) so that the first hierarchy level is subdivided into nine layers (object areas as property categories) and the second hierarchy level is structured according to nine functionally oriented form categories. The 3rd and 4th of subordinate fields of knowledge, as well as the 5th and 6th levels, are arranged according to the same subject and form categories. This makes it possible to always access the same categories with the digits of the numerical coding of a particular knowledge field, which reinforces the mnemonics of the system and also takes into account the localization of interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity. The responsibility for the ICC was transferred in 2015 by Dahlberg to Ernesto De Luca of the German Chapter of ISKO.

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6. The principles of the ICC

Based on the results of the dissertation of 1972, Dahlberg applied 12 principles concerning the theoretical foundations and the framework and arrangement of the found fields of knowledge (Dahlberg 2014b, 100-6, translated from German):

  • Principle # 1: The contents of the ICC are concepts and classes of concepts.
  • Principle # 2: Systematic conceptual relationships are understood as:
    1. Abstraction Relation (genus-species relationship)
    2. Partitive Relation
    3. Complementary Relation and
    4. Functional Relation.
  • Principle # 3: The ICC uses the decimal principle in the arrangement of its main classes and of the aspects under which these main classes can be subdivided, that is, it starts from 9 object areas, which are divided into 9 aspect areas. Each of the 81 subject groups thus created is subdivided into 9 subject areas according to the aspects mentioned above.
  • Principle # 4: The main classes are object areas of being, ie ontic units, which can be bundled into three areas:
    • 1 shapes and structures
    • 2 energy and matter of inanimate being
    • 3 cosmos and earth
    • 4 organic area
    • 5 human-sphere animated being
    • 6 social area
    • 7 economics and technology
    • 8 science and information products of human activity
    • 9 cultural area
  • Principle # 5: The subdivision of the object areas and the subject groups is done according to a system position plan, called systematifier, whereby the first three aspects are the constituent ones of a subject group or a subject area, the second three contain the so-called characteristics and the third three the relations to contents of "outside" a subject group or subject area:
    • 1 General statements, theories, principles (Axiomatic and Structural relationship)
    • 2 Object area: Items, types, parts, properties (Object relationship)
    • 3 Activity area, methods, processes, activities (Activity relationship)
    • 4 A special property or characteristic of a subject group
    • 5 Personal-relationship or even characteristic of a subject group
    • 6 Societal relationship to or even characteristic of a subject group
    • 7 External influences on area (Instrumental relationship)
    • 8 Applications of the methods in other subject groups (Resource relationship)
    • 9 Information on the area and synthesizing societal tasks (Actualization relationship)
    These nine aspects are also used accordingly in the subdivision of subject groups in subject areas. The application of this principle in the subject groups and subject areas makes it possible to access particular aspects by searching always with the same digits of the notation when.
  • Principle # 6: The arrangement of the ontic object areas of 1-9 is a layered model that corresponds to the view of layers of reality (→ "integration levels") that cause each other, as J.K. Feibleman (1954) and Nicolai Hartmann (1964) have explained and even asserted by laws. Thus, e.g. layer 1 is the prerequisite for layer 2, and so on. It was also payed attention that, quasi, each group of subjects is a prerequisite for the following.
  • Principle # 7: The system position plan (or system identifier) mentioned under Principle # 5 also involves the possibility of relationships between the subject groups and subject areas in the following places: 1 'General statements' and 8 'Applications', 9 'Knowledge transfer'.
  • Principle # 8: In the grid pattern of the ICC again a layer 0 is above layer 1. Its possible facet classification is still waiting to be realized. Otherwise, the layer 01 to 09 contains the denominations for the aspects. (Dahlberg 1978)
  • Principles # 9 and # 10 concern the possible and necessary combination of subject groups and subject concepts with concepts of space and time.
  • Principle # 11: A mnemotechnique in the system. By finding principles that make the system directly obvious and have a control system with mnemonic properties, ie the ability to remember easily the contents of system positions.
  • Principle # 12: In summary, it can be pointed out that the combination possibilities mentioned under Principles 7, 8 and 9 make the system self-cross-linking, with which an infinite number of combinations is possible.

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7. On 'conceptual culture' in the social sciences

In 1996, the journal Ethik und Sozialwissenschaften published a main article by Dahlberg (1996a): "Zur ›Begriffskultur‹ in den Sozialwissenschaften: Lassen sich ihre Probleme lösen" (On 'conceptual culture' in the social sciences: can their problems be solved?)" and added (very readable) reviews of it coming from the mentioned discipline. In brief this main article met with a lot of response but also much contradiction, as especially the social sciences are creating very vague concepts, what is partly represented in the titles of the reviews (translated from German):

  • 'Conceptualisation' from a psychological and linguistic perspective: a plea for vagueness and plurality (Becker and Reiss 1996)
  • The council of lexicographers (Bühl 1996)
  • Can the ambiguity of social science 'concepts' be resolved? (Dreier 1996)
  • But the concepts, they are not like that (Dürr 1996)
  • Scientific concept formation and the problem of inductive ambiguity (Eckes 1996)
  • The concept of "conceptual culture" from a constructivist perspective (Friedlmeier 1996)
  • Conceptual theory: Basis of a theory of documentation languages - Basis for the explanation of cognitive information processing (Gödert 1996)
  • Concepts, conceptions and examples (Hahn 1996)
  • conceptual Conceptual culture as order? (Kerber 1996)
  • An analytic concept theory? (Kleinknecht 1996)
  • Do we need a conceptual cultural DIN committee? (Klüver 1996)
  • Conceptual culture vs. Term term association: Against information science problem solving by social science language regulation (Krause 1996)
  • Order and truthfulness versus reality adequacy and progress of knowledge? Social scientific conceptual culture between Szylla and Charybdis (Lamnek 1996)
  • Technically operational versus reflexive philosophical thinking (Liske 1996)
  • Conceptual culture as charity? Benefit and relevance of classifications (Lütge 1996)
  • A letter (Meyers 1996)
  • The role of theory and formalization in conceptualization (Manhart 1996)
  • Can equal opportunities be normalized by concepts? (Ohly 1996)
  • Disambiguation as a metatheoretical problem (Patzak 1996)
  • Puritanism of knowledge (Popp 1996)
  • Sstability and variability of conceptual systems (Radermacher 1996)
  • 'Conceptual Culture' - or an example of how not to do it (Ros 1996)
  • From the "chaos of thinking organization" to an "ethics of static conceptual systems" (Schimany 1996)
  • Remarks on conceptual theory and conceptual ethics (Seiler 1996)
  • To the Problem problem culture in the social sciences (Suchanek 1996)
  • The problem of scientific definitions (Walther-Klaus 1996)
  • Order as knowledge? (Weiss 1996)

In the deatiled replica to these reviews Dahlberg complains, inter alia, that she had not presented in more detail her conceptual theory, because she understands the concept formation of predication derived characteristics as descriptive, while the critics have probably understood more of a formalized conceptual formation (Dahlberg 1996b, 69). Endruweit (1996, 88-90) states in his meta criticism among other: "Concepts that determine the object of a social science would not have to be determined by their meaning in desk work but in field work. They are meant to describe excerpts from the reality of a concrete society, and here society has — unlike the objects of the natural sciences — the authority of self-definition. [...] Even if we were very concerned with theoretic systematization, we would not be able to create a complete conceptual system, as Dahlberg is obviously aiming to, not even multiple systems in parallel, for each theory one. That's because we still have to work with medium-range theories, at least in sociology, so we still have a large number of subsystems whose interrelation is still unclear."

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8. Desiderata for knowledge organization

In 2009, Dahlberg (2013) presented 10 desiderata for knowledge organization at the German ISKO conference in Bonn, which essentially also concern the institutionalization of the field of knowledge organization (later published in Knowledge Organization 2011-1 as "How to improve ISKO's standing: desiderata for knowledge organization"). These desiderata are (Dahlberg 2013, translated from German):

  1. Recognize the units of an ordering system as knowledge units / concepts and use their characteristics to establish a knowledge order.
  2. Creating overviews of the classification systems used to identify where priorities and preferences lie.
  3.  
    1. A KO training curriculum and a corresponding qualifying title for the graduates should be developed.
    2. ISKO could possibly found an academy and train teachers.
  4. National ISKO chapters and the General Secretariat should seek to establish and finance a specialist.
  5. The ISKO should develop a systematic order of all KO-relevant terms and publish it as a model system for other areas of knowledge. (Dahlberg described a more concrete procedure for desideratum 5 already in another article: Dahlberg 2009).
  6. The establishment of national institutes of knowledge organization should be requested. Their responsibilities include the development of knowledge systems, training activities and research.
  7. ISKO experts should actively and purposefully apply their "know-how" where it can be made public and thus prove its usefulness. They should be reachable as "points of contact" and should be consultative as well as statistical and journalistic.
  8. Colleagues working in the field of classification / indexing and thesaurus creation worldwide should be approached to become members of the ISKO.
  9. ISKO may publish the knowledge of its own area of knowledge, paying attention to professional subject indexes.
  10.  
    1. Knowledge organization should be considered as an independent discipline, which would be located in the field of science of science, since only in this way it can serve to its many possible applications.
    2. A knowledge order "at a glance" could be made possible by the ICC, as it differs from discipline-oriented universal classifications and provides a simple overview on all fields of knowledge. A synthesis or unity of what is to be known becomes possible.

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9. Conclusion

Otto Sechser characterized in an e-mail dated 30 October 2017 Ingetraut Dahlberg as following:

Dr. Inge Dahlberg was and is going to remain one of great personalities of Classification, Documentation, and Knowledge Organization. Her interests, achievements, and worldwide contacts will be the theme of dissertations. Here I want to write about Dahlberg as a good-hearted, modest, hard-working, high-priced woman, always ready to help, with enormous social intelligence [...] She will be missed in ISKO.

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Endnote

A German version of this entry has been published in Ohly (2018).

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Bibliography of Dahlberg's works

[Please help us completing this list. Send verified references to the Web editor of IEKO.]


Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1970. "Möglichkeiten einer Neugestaltung der DK". Nachrichten für Dokumentation 21, no. 4: 143-51.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1971. "Possibilities for a New Universal Decimal Classification". Journal of Documentation 27, no. 1: 8-36.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1973. "Zur Terminologie der Klassifikation". Nachrichten für Dokumentation 24, no. 6: 271-3.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1974. Grundlagen universaler Wissensordnung. Pullach: Verlag Dokumentation.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. (Ed. with Alwin Diemer, Jean M. Perreault, Arashanipalai Neelameghan and Eugen Wuester). 1974-1993. International Classification (1993 renamed Knowledge Organization).

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1974-1996. "Classification Literature". In: International Classification, 1974-1996.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1974a. "Zur Theorie des Begriffs." International Classification 1, no. 1: 12-9.

Dahlberg,Ingetraut. 1974b. "Why This Journal?" International Classification 1, no. 1: 1-2.

Dahlberg,Ingetraut. 1974c. "What is Classification". International Classification 1, no. 2: 59.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1974d. Book Review of: "Aitchison, J. and Gilchrist, A, Thesaurus construction. London; Aslib 1972". International Classification 1, no.2: 101.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1974e. "Book Review of Gerhard Schwanhäusser and Friedbert Kind- Barkauskas: Thesaurus Hochschulforschung, Hochschulbau: ein automatisch erstellter Thesaurus. München: Verlag Documentation". International Classification 1, no.2: 107.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1975a. "Book review of Dagobert Soergel (1974) Indexing Languages and Thesauri: Construction and Maintenance". Information Processing & Management 2: 155-7.

Dahlberg,Ingetraut. 1975b. "Towards Compatibility and Cooperation in Classification". International Classification 2, no.1: 1. (Editorial)

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1975c. "The Terminology of Subject-Fields". International Classification 2, no. 1: 31-37.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1975d. "Some reflections on the Bombay CR-Conference". International Classification 2, no. 1: 41-44.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1975e. "Report on 5th International Congress on Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science, Canada". International Classification 2, no.2: 107-8.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1976a. "Homage to Dewey, M 1876-1976". International Classification 3, no. 1: 1.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1976b. "Cumulated UDC supplement 1965-1975. International Federation for Documentation". International Classification 3, no. 1: 45-46.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1976c. "What is Your Opinion?" International Classification 3, no.2: 65.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1976. "Classification Theory, Yesterday and Today". International Classification 3, no.2: 85-90.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1976d. Book Review of: Bausch, K.J., Schewe, WHU and Spiegel, H.R.: Fachsprachen. Terminologie. Struktur. Normung. Berlin: Beuth Verlag 1976. International Classification 3, no.2: 115. (in German)

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1976e. "Classification Theory Course in Rio de Janeiro". International Classification 3, no.2, 103-104.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1977a. "Classification and Standardization" International Classification 4, no.1: 1.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1977b. "CEC Workshop on Qualitative Evaluation of Thesauri". International Classification 4, no. 1: 40-41.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1977c (German) "International Workshop Cognitive Viewpoint". International Classification 4, no.1: 41-42.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1977d. "Founding of Society for Classification". International Classification 4, no. 1: 42.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1977e. "Correction". International Classification 4, no. 1: 42.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1977f. Book review of "Abstracting Concepts and Methods, by H. Borko and C.L. Bernir". International Classification 4, no. 1: 50.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1977g. "Classification and Information" International Classification 4, no. 2: 71-72.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1977h. "Review of: Union of International Associations: Yearbook of World Problems and Human Potential. Brüssel 1976". International Classification 4, no. 2: 114-115.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1978a. Ontical Structures and Universal Classification. Bangalore: Sarada Ranganathan Endowment for Library Science. (Sarada Ranganathan Endowment Lectures 11, 1977).

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1978b. "A Journal devoted to...". International Classification 5, no.1: 1-2

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1978c. "Meeting of Working Groups of the German DIN Classification Committee, Braunschweig". International Classification 5, no. 1: 38.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1978d. "Classification Literature". International Classification 5, no.2: 63.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1978e. "Citation Codes in Classification and Terminology: Proposal for an International Standard". International Classification 5, no. 2: 91-92.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1978f. "Progress in Launching Interconcept". International Classification 5, no.2: 102.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1978g. Review of Nachdenken über Wörterbücher, by G. Drosdowski, H. Henne and H.E. Wiegand. Mannheim: Bibliographisches Institut, 1977. International Classification 5, no.2: 123-124. (In German).

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1978h. "A Referent-Oriented, Analytical Concept Theory for Inter-Concept". International Classification 5, no.3: 142-151.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1979a. "On the Theory of the Concept". In: Neelameghan, Arashanapalai, Ordering systems for global information networks: Proc. 3rd FID-CR Intern. Study Conf., Bombay 1975. Bangalore, 54-63.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1979b. "Order and Classification". International Classification 6, no. 1: 1-2.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1979c. "New Developments in Classification". International Classification 6, no. 1: 36.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1979d. Report from a Seminar, "Classification and Education". International Classification 6, no. 1: 37-38.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1979e. "Classification and Cognition". International Classification 6, no. 2: 71.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1979f. "Matter and Methods of Subject Access to Knowledge". International Classification 6, no. 2: 119.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1979g. Review of: Borko, H., Bernier, C.L.: Indexing concepts and methods. New York: Academic Press 1978. International Classification 6, no. 2: 131.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1979h. Book review of "Rudolf Jung and Ludwig Sickmann (eds.), Schlagwortgebung und Schlagwortkatalog. (Assignment of subject headings and the subject heading catalogue). Vortrage der Fortbildungsveranstaltung des Bibliothekar-Lehrinstituts am 7. und 8. Dezember 1977. Kiiln: Greyen Verlag 1978". International Classification 6, no.2: 132. (In German).

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1979i. "Classification Planning". International Classification 6, no. 3: 149.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1979j. "Classification Topics at 1979 ASIS-Conference". International Classification 6, no. 3: 170.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1979k. Book review of: "UNESCO Thesaurus by J. Aitchison". International Classification 6, no. 3: 184.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1979l. "Authority Lists for the Assignment of Subject-Headings: Aids for the Verbal Subject Access in Libraries". International Classification 6, no. 3: 187.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1980a. "Instead of an Editorial (Announcement of ICIB vols.)". International Classification 7, no.1: 1.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1980b. "Classification and the Social Sciences". International Classification 7, no. 2: 55.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1980c. "The Broad System of Ordering (BSO) as a Basis for an Integrated Social Science Thesaurus". International Classification. 7, no.2: 66-72.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1980d. "Universal Classification". International Classification 7, no. 3: 117.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1981a. "Editorial: Classification and joking". International Classification 8, no. 1: 1.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1981b. "Conceptual definitions for Interconcept". International Classification 8, no. 1: 16-22.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1981c. "Integration and classification". International Classification 8, no.2: 63.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1981d. "Toward establishment of compatibility between indexing languages". International Classification 8, no.2: 86-91.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1981w. "Who's Who in Classification and Indexing?". International Classification 8, no. 3: 125.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1981f. Review of: British Standards Institution: BSI ROOT Thesaurus. Part 1, Subject display, Part 2, Alphabetical list. Hemel Hempstead, GB 1981. International Classification 8, no.3: 172.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1982. "ICC – Information Coding Classification – Principles, Structure and Application Possibilities." International Classification 9, no. 2: 87-93.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1982a. "Classification Science: a True Scientific Discipline?" International Classification 9, no. 2: 63.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1982b. "Augsburg FID/CR Conference". International Classification 9, no. 2: 97-99.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut [ed.]. 1982-1985. International classification and indexing bibliography: ICIB, 3 vols. Frankfurt am Main: Indeks Verlag. Includes Information Coding Classification (Vol. 1, 1982, pp. 114-139).

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. (ed.). 1983. Who is Who in Classification and Indexing. Frankfurt: Indeks Verlag.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1983a. "Reflections on trends in classification". International Classification 10. no. 1: 1.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1983b. "Conceptual compatibility of ordering systems". International Classification 10, no. 1: 5-8.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1983c. Review of V.I. Gorkova (Ed.) Essential problems in terminology for informatics and documentation. Frequency term lists. Moscow: VINITI 1982. International Classification 10, no.1: 43-44.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1983d. "Classification and Encyclopedias". International Classification 10, no. 3: 125-126.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1984a. "10 Years of International Classification, Could You Do Without It?". International Classification 11, no.1: 1-2.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1984b. "Education in Classification". International Classification 11, no. 2: 65.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1984c. "Education in Classification". International Classification 11, no. 3: 65.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1984d. "Do You Know Your Literature?" International Classification 11, no. 3: 127.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1984e. "FID/CR Report 1984". International Classification 11, no.3: 159-160.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1985a. "Expert Systems and Classification". International Classification 12, no. 1: 1.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1985b. Book Review of Terminology Manual, by Helmuth Felber. Paris: UNESCO 1984. International Classification 12, no. 1: 45-46.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1985c. "Interest in classification". International Classification 12, no.2: 65.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1985d. "Classification: East or West?" International Classification 12, no. 3: 127.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1985e. "The International Classification & Indexing Bibliography (ICIB) and Its Classification Systems". International Classification 12, no.3: 143-152.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1985f. Classification & Communication. Report on 2nd Regional Conf. of FID/CR. International Classification 12, no.3: 156-157.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1985g. Ranganathan's philosophy: Assessment, impact, & relevance. International Classification 12, no. 3: 157-158.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1985h. Book Review of M. P. Satija: Manual on Practical Colon Classification. New Delhi: Sterling Publ. 1984. International Classification 12, no. 3: 165.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1986a. "Classification and Complexity". International Classification 13, no.2: 63-64.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1986b. "10th Annual Conference of the German Classification Society, Westfalische Wilhelms-Universität, 18-21 June 1986." International Classification 13, no.2: 96-98.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1986c. Book Review of: H.H. Wellisch: Indexing and abstracting 1977-1981 An international bibliography. Santa Barbara, Ca: ABC-CLIO 1984. International Classification 13, no.2: 103.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1986d. Book review of Bella H. Weinberg: Education and training in indexing and abstracting. New York: American Society of Indexers 1985. International Classification 13, no.2: 105.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1986e. Book Review of: Gerstenkorn, A., Rolland, Th. et al. (Eds.): Thesaurus Guide. Analytical Directory of Selected Vocabularies for Information Retrieval. Amsterdam: Elsevier 1985. International Classification 13, no.2: 105-106.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1986f. "New Uses for Old Schemes". International Classification 13, no.3: 125.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1987. "Die gegenstandsbezogene, analytische Begriffstheorie und ihre Definitionsarten". In: Ganter, Bernhard; Wille, Rudolf; Wolff, Karl Erich, Beiträge zur Begriffsanalyse. Mannheim: BI Wissenschaftsverlag, 9-22

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1987a. "Classification and Philosophy". International Classification 14, no. 1: 1.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1987b. "Classification and 'the Tree of Cognition'?" International Classification 14, no.3: 125-126. (Editorial)

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1988a. "Classification and Structure". International Classification 15, no. 1: 1+20.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1988b. "Classification and Its Practice". International Classification 15, no. 2: 63.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1989a. "Classification and the Face of the Sciences" International Classification 16, no. 1: 1.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1989b. "The Founding of the International Society for Knowledge Organization, Frankfurt, July 22, 1989". International Classification 16, no. 2: 71-72.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1989c. "Knowledge Organization and the Humanities". International Classification 16, no. 3: 133.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1990a. "Knowledge Organization and You!". International Classification 17, no. 1: 1.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1990b. "Knowledge Organization and the OPAC". International Classification 7, no. 2: 65.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1990c. "Thesaurus Software, Knowledge Organization and the Human Interface". International Classification 17, nos. 3/4: 127-128.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1990d. Book Review of: Directory of International Cooperation in Science and Technology, by K. Gottstein, J. Behrmann, W. Bockertthmann and G. Menache. International Classification 17, nos. 3-4: 185.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1991a. "Ranganathan and the Organization of Knowledge". International Classification 18, no.1: 1.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1991b. "Eric de Grolier and the Organization of Knowledge". (Editorial and interview + bio-bibliography). International Classification 18, no.2: 63-71. (Editorial 63; interview 64-71; selected bibliography 71-72)

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1991c. "Knowledge Organization, Thesauri and Terminology". International Classification 18, no. 3: 133.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1991d. "Knowledge Organization, Language and Literature". International Classification 18, no.4: 195.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1992a. "Ethics and Knowledge Organization: In memory of Dr. S. R. Ranganathan in his Centenary year". International Classification 19, no. 1: 1-2.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1992b. "Knowledge Organization and Term Analysis". International Classification 19, no.2: 63-64.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1992c. "Knowledge Organization and Terminology: Philosophical and Linguistic Bases". (Paper presented at KOTA 91 Conf., Varna, Bulgaria, Sept.16-18, 1991). International Classification 19, no.2: 65-71.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1992d. "Cognitive paradigms in knowledge organization". International Classification 19, no. 3: 125+145.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1992e. "2nd International ISKO Conference, Madras, Aug 26-28, 1992". International Classification 19, no. 3; 159-161.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1992f. "Visions in Knowledge Organization" International Classification 19, no. 4: 187.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1992g. "DIN 32705 The German Standard on Classification Systems: A Critical Appraisal". (Paper present ed at the Joint FID/CR-ISKO Meeting, Madrid, Oct.20, 1992). International Classification 19, no. 4: 201-204.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. (Ed.) 1993- Knowledge Organization (1974-1993 named International Classification).

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1993a. "Why Knowledge Organization? The Reasons for Its Change of Name". Knowledge Organization 20, no. 1: 1.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1993b. "Do You Know Your Colleagues in Knowledge Organization?" Knowledge Organization 20, no. 2: 63.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1993c. "Knowledge Organization on Its Way: Between Madras and Copenhagen". Knowledge Organization 20, no. 3: 125.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1993d. "Editorial". Knowledge Organization 20, no. 4: 187.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1993e. "Knowledge Organization: Its Scope and Possibilities". Knowledge Organization 20, no. 4: 211-22.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1994a. "Knowledge Organization and Quality Management". Knowledge Organization 21, no. 1: 1-2.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1994b. "Environment Knowledge Organization". Knowledge Organization 21, no. 2: 63. (Editorial).

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1994c. "Knowledge Organization and Truth". Knowledge Organization 21, no. 3: 125.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1994d. "Hot Topics in Knowledge Organization". Knowledge Organization 21, no. 4: 187-8.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1995a. "World Problems and Knowledge Organization". Knowledge Organization 22, no. 1: 1.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1995b. "Book Review of Encyclopedia of World Problems and Human Potential. 4.th edition. Published by Union of Internal Associations". Knowledge Organization 22, no. 1: 50-51.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1995c. "100 Years of UDC". Knowledge Organization 22, no. 2: 63.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1995d. "Knowledge Organization and Numbers". Knowledge Organization 22, nos. 3-4: 127-8.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1995e. "Book Review of Actions - Strategies - Solutions, vol 3, of Encyclopedia of World Problems and Human Potential - Published by Union of Internal Associations". Knowledge Organization 22, nos. 3-4: 184-5.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1996a. "Zur ‘Begriffskultur’ in den Sozialwissenschaften: Lassen sich ihre Probleme lösen?" [On 'conceptual culture' in the social sciences]. Ethik und Sozialwissenschaften: Streitforum für Erwägungskultur 7, no. 1: 3-13.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1996b. "Replik." Ethik und Sozialwissenschaften: Streitforum für Erwägungskultur 7, no. 1: 67-85.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1996c. "Knowledge Organization and Change". Knowledge Organization 23, no. 1: 1-2.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1996d. "Ontology, Logic, and Knowledge Organization". Knowledge Organization 23, no. 3: 129.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1996e. "Reminiscences and the One Big Hope". Knowledge Organization 23, no. 4: 191-2.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1997. "Language Industries Atlas, 2nd edition – Edwards, J.A. and Kingscott, A. G". Knowledge Organization 24, no. 1: 46-7.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1997. "Conversion Tables: LC-Dewey, Dewey-LC". Knowledge Organization 24, no. 4: 258-9.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1998. "Wissensorganisation". In: Schneider, Hans-Jochen, Lexikon: Informatik und Datenverarbeitung. Version 4.0, München: Oldenbourg Verlag.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1998b. "Jubilee Colloquy: Rudolf Wille's 60th Birthday". Knowledge Organization 25, nos. 1-2: 38.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1999. "ISKO member No. 1 [Prof.Dr.med.Otto Nacke]". Knowledge Organization 26, no. 1: 51.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1999b. "In memoriam: Julius Shrejder". Knowledge Organization 26, no. 1: 51-2.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 2006. Definitionen aus dem Begriffsfeld "Wissensorganisation". http://www.bonn.iz-soz.de/wiss-org/definitionen_aus_dem_begriffsfel.htm (no longer available on the Internet)

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 2006b. "Knowledge Organization: A New Science?". Knowledge Organization 33, no. 1: 11-9.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 2007. "Book Review of Robert Fugmann: Das Buchregister: Methodische Grundlagen und praktische Anwendungen". Knowledge Organization 34, no.1: 60-1.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 2008. "The Information Coding Classification (ICC): A Modern, Theory-Based Fully-Faceted, Universal System of Knowledge Fields". Axiomathes 18, no. 2: 161–76. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs10516-007-9026-8.pdf

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 2008b. "Interview with Ingetraut Dahlberg, December 2007". Knowledge Organization 35, nos. 2-3: 82-5.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 2009. "Concepts and Terms: ISKO's Major Challenge". Knowledge Organization 36, nos. 2/3: 169-77.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 2010. "International Society for Knowledge Organization (ISKO)". Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences, Third Edition, edited by Marcia J. Bates and Mary Niles Maack. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, vol. 4: 2941-9. A reprint appeared as Dahlberg 2017c.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 2011. "How to Improve ISKO’s Standing: Ten Desiderata for Knowledge Organization". Knowledge Organization 38, no. 1: 69-74

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 2012. "Concepts in Context". Proceedings of the Cologne Conference on Interoperability and Semantics in Knowledge Organization, July 19-20, 2010". Knowledge Organization 39, no. 6: 461-3.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 2013. "Desiderate für die Wissensorganisation". In: Ohly, H. Peter, Wissen – Wissenschaft – Organisation. Proceedings der 12. Tagung der Deutschen ISKO. Würzburg: Ergon Verlag.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 2014a. "What is Knowledge Organization?" Knowledge Organization 41, no. 1: 85-91. (Brief Communication). With a correction in vol. 41, no. 2: 188.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 2014b. Wissensorganisation: Entwicklung, Aufgabe, Anwendung, Zukunft. Würzburg: Ergon Verlag. (Textbooks for Knowledge Organization 3).

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 2014c. "Book Review of Handbook of Metadata, Semantics and Ontologies". Knowledge Organization 41, no. 4: 332-4.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 2015. "The Terminology of Subject-fields" (Gems from our Digitization Project). Knowledge Organization 42, no. 1: 56-63. (Originally printed in International Classification 2 (1975), no. 1: 31-7).

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 2016. "Dokumentenkunde - Dokumentologie: damals - und heute?" Information: Wissenschaft & Praxis 67, no. 4: 195–203.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 2017a. "Was ist Wissensorganisation?" In: Babik, Wieslav; Ohly, Peter; Weber, Karsten, Theorie, Semantik und Organisation von Wissen. Würzburg: Ergon, 12-21.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 2017b. "Brief Communication: Why a New Universal Classification System is Needed". Knowledge Organization 44, no. 1: 65-71.

Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 2017c. "International Society for Knowledge Organization (ISKO)". Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences, Fourth Edition, edited by Edited by John D. McDonald and Michael Levine-Clark. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2494-502. A reprint of Dahlberg 2010.

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Version 1.0 published 2018-07-03
Versions 1.1-1.3: substantial integrations to bibliography by BH and link to ICC schedules
Version 1.4, published 2020-05-14: additional paragraph on cataloguing; corrections in some dates and titles
Version 1.5, published 2022-03-23: maiden name Gessler corrected to Gessel

Article category: Biographical articles

This article (version 1.0) is published in Knowledge Organization, vol. 47 (2020), Issue 2, pp. 173-182.
How to cite it (version 1.0): Ohly, Peter. 2020. "Ingetraut Dahlberg (1927-2017)". Knowledge Organization 47, no. 2: 173-182. Also available in Hjørland, Birger and Gnoli, Claudio eds. ISKO Encyclopedia of Knowledge Organization, http://www.isko.org/cyclo/dahlberg

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